Mastiff Origins??

'A turning point in human development came when the uncertainties of the chase were replaced by the relative security of agriculture and domestication of food and draft animals. Wealth could thereafter be stored, a necessary base for political society. The first agricultural village, found in Iraq, has been dated at 7000 BC. Agriculture reached England about 2300 BC.' The Lincoln Library of Essential Info.

Cattle of the Taurine strain was first domesticated in this time period, and the area includes today's Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan and the eastern Mediterranean coast known as the fertile crescent. This advancement in animal domestication, of course, included the already domestic dog used for hunting and defending, with those used on big game, further domesticated to keep livestock. Food storage, the 'wealth', brought about war over that 'wealth'. Further domestication of dogs included keeping livestock and fighting to defend it.

While flock guards defend the herds and flocks and will even fight in battle to defend, the breed type is limited in working type best suited to a sedentary, pastoral life. Generally, a separate breed used for herding works with the flock guards. The flock guards are noted for being independent thinkers, rarely taking commands from the shepherd.

The mastiffs defend the herds and flocks, control dangerous livestock such as cattle and swine, but are best known to fight both in defense and in the arenas. The breed type is best suited, as it was developed, for a nomadic life of war. Generally, both herders and protectors are born in the same litter with close type for both to work unruly cattle and swine in control, at times even by force, and in defense of the herd or flock. Both breed types, the basic flock guards which have changed very little in the past few thousand years, and the mastiffs that have progressed through the ages, developed interdependently. One did not beget the other, but both developed from the same root stock of big game hunting dogs of 7000 BC.

The separation of breed type, the basic flock guard, being nearly unchanged and always kept to a sedentary pastoral life of flock guarding, and the advanced flock guard, being pushed to it's limits of battle in war and the arenas, by a nomadic life, thus further advanced from breeding the best to the best after battle has actually progressed the fighting abilities and domestication of the true working mastiff breeds.

From the fertile crescent, the domestication of cattle, sheep, and goats spread in all directions, however, it is also likely advanced civilizations of agriculture developed independently and overlapped. To the south of the fertile crescent is the Nile River, and to the northeast are the great steppes of now Southern Russia. The steppes are a vast region of rolling pasture lands inhabited by various tribes known as the steppe nomads. These nomads were often at war over the stored 'wealth' of livestock, pasture land and water. It is from the steppe nomads the world learned the use of the domesticated horse, chariots and other advancements including dogs of war. These advancements of the steppe nomads far predate the Roman Empire. These nomads were referred to by the Romans as barbarians, as they took what they wanted, including livestock and dogs from settlements they conquered. There is very little art and no writing system of these people to record the history of the steppe nomads, however, we can trace the more recent history of a tribe known as the Alani, as they fought as cavalry for the Roman Empire and supplied the Romans with horses, chariots and dogs of war in their vast conquests. One should note the vastness of human civilization and the interrelationship of both dog and man. The Alani descend from a vast race known as the Aryans... 'A family of peoples assumed to be of kindred race because their languages show common characteristics. The original home of the race is thought to have been either northern Europe or Asia. They had already domesticated the horse by 2500 BC, at which time they first appear in history. Their descendants include the people of India, Greece, Italy, and of Albania, together with the Celtic, the Germanic, the Anglo-Saxon, and the Scandinavian peoples, and also the northern Russians or Slavs. The race is often known as Indo-European or Indo-Germanic.' The Lincoln Library of Essential Info In his, 'In Search of the Indo-Europeans', of 1989, JP Mallory writes...'it is the Gorgan region that the domestic horse first appears in the Near East about 3000-2250 BC.' 'In the southeast Caspian, the culture that emerges in the Iron Age, the Dahistan culture, is solidly regarded as Iranian, and it is seen to have emerged out of the local Gorgan tradition possibly coupled with steppe influences.' The Mastiffs the Big Game Hunters

Considering the vast lands of the steppes and those of the Aryan race, one cannot limit the history of advanced domestication to a small, sedentary culture in northern Greece known as the Mollosi of which we get the so-called Mollosin breeds, however, their descriptions do imply common working traits in the vastness of Euro-Asia. 'The Molossus belong to the tribe of the Illyrians, who invaded Greece from the north around 1200 BC, drove out the Hellenes, and occupied Epirus in their place. The descendants of the Illyrian Epirians are the modern Albanians. The author Marcus Terentius Varro, who died in the year 27 BC, reports in his book on agriculture of two kinds of dogs that were bred in this country. The first were hunting dogs and the second large herding dogs, who effectively protect sheep and goats.' Fighting Dog Breeds To the north and northeast of Greece lie the vast lands of the Alani. The northern Illyrians invaded south into Greece around 1200 BC, some 1200 years before Varro reports of the dogs of the Molossi.

The Alani peoples, an amalgamation of various nomadic tribes, known as the warrior tribe of the Caucasus, descendants of the steppe nomads and the vast Aryan race as well the the Mollossi, were a nomadic tribe invading as far east as China and as far west as France and Spain. It is from the Alani invaders and their settlement of France and Spain that we get the advanced light-bodied mastiff type known as the Alaunt/Alano. The Alani, having fought with the Romans as Calvary, supplied the Romans with horses, chariots, and dogs of war, thus the Alanos of Italy. Few Alaunts had actually reached England, thus the name 'White English Bulldog', in describing these Alaunts, is only befitting to those who speak, read and write English.

In the written history of English, we would be led to believe England always produced the best mastiffs, and in fact, a number of English writers claim England to be the source of the mastiff and bulldog. The agricultural revolution did not start until 2300 BC in England. Mastiff type dogs brought by the Celtics early on would have been no better than those of which were imported. At this same time period, the Alani controlled vast lands of which bordered the Germanic tribes. Thus the English root stock was interrelated and imported.

In 1066 AD, the Normans of France invaded England bringing French Mastiffs or Alaunts. England ruled Bordeaux from 1151 to 1411, and thus was interbreeding their stock. Then from 1556 to 1649, Spain and England were trading and thus interbreeding stock. This trading of dogs between Spain and England continued up until the 19th century! A fact many an English cynologist, and in fact many an Englishman, would rather forget. Spain imported a number of English Alaunts into Cuba, that were mainly of French type. This amalgamation or interbreeding continued especially at the borders of the French Louisiana, Spanish La Florida and the English territories in the southeastern US.


Directly in the center where these borders converge is the small town of Hawkinsville, Georgia, which, for centuries long before the European presence, was a major trade center for the vast Creek Indian Nation. Hawkinsville has long served as the military front and trade center between the Indians, the French, Spanish and English, with four English forts, (which served as the military base during the Spanish and Indian wars of 1812), lining the banks of the Ocmulgee River, the boundary line of civilization and 'no-man's land.' It is from this area we have collected local stock of the WEB and Brindle Bulldog. The Carr line, known some 80+ years in the area are invariably patched with red markings, that of mainly French origin, with brindle mainly of Spanish origin, well amalgamated as France and Spain interbred throughout the ages from the original stock brought by the Alani invaders and settlers into France and Spain in 406 AD. This interbreeding continued at this convergence of territories in the southeastern US, as proven by the breed types found in this region. Both France and Spain have a long history of the arenas with Burgos Spain being the land of the Bull Fights. England was the last of the European nations to receive the alaunt and the last to practice the blood sports with dogs and animals. The English text 'The Master of the Game' was in fact a direct copy of the French text written by Gaston de Foix, and never was an original English work.

A number of historians claim the war dogs were hunting dogs, and indeed it does seem the Perro de Pressas brought to the new world by Spanish Conquistadors were prey driven kill dogs. Those historians do not take into account the fact that nomadic warring tribes such as the Alanis and the Spanish kept livestock. Let's look at the original Alaunts brought to France by the invading Alani in 406 AD. 'At one time, there were two varieties, the Doguin being the smaller version, which has since vanished into nothing but a sentence in reference books. Dogues have had a wide and varied employment since their entrance into France after the fall of Rome. Originally, they served a dual purpose as war dogs and by guarding flock from wolves and bears.' The Atlas of Dog Breeds of the Wolrd.

This war dog / flock guardian is the core alaunt aka Alano or the mastiff, those used to control / guard herds of cattle became the Alaunt de Boucherie of the Middle Ages, known in Spain as the Alano and developed in the southeastern US as the WEB / Brindle Bulldog. The baiting bulldogs of England used in blood-sports are very different in function! 'The slaughter of bulls was a public spectacle in colonial cities, just as it was in England. Butchers collared and tied up the bulls and then turned loose one or more dogs to attack them. Ideally, one particularly bold animal would seize the bull by it's nose and hold it or bring it to it's knees to be killed. Snapping, snarling dogs, bulls bellowing in rage and panic, screaming people placing bets, spraying blood-all were part of the 'sport', repeated when a captive bear was to be had as well.' A Dog's History in American by Mark Derr

Bull-baiting was a 'sport' held in the cities. For the rural farmer, battling wild dogs, coyotes, bears, and other predators including man, are the test of the WEB and BB. Real battles in defending the farms, livestock, and family, not staged in the box, like the most advanced 'Gladiator Dogs' of our time- the APBT. For the true test of gameness is the willingness to continue in battle, not on the hunt.

Many have claimed the White English Bulldogs and Brindle Bulldogs look like large sized APBTs, and well they should. For both are advanced breed types of Alaunts / Alanos aka Mastiffs. Performance in battle differs in the one-on-one fight in the box from the pack fighting on the farm, however, both breeds are derived from the same root stock.

'Tens of thousands of dogs have regularly been deployed in battle in Europe, up to our own time, but never with the systematic intent to terrorize, maim and kill applied by the Spanish in the New World.' A Dog's History in America La Florida was not only Spanish domain, but the military front for the New World and it's colonial empires. Where else but here would one find descendants of dogs of war?

Spanish Guarding Dogs

"Livestock-guarding dogs - raised, in the Spanish tradition, nearly from birth with the animals they tended - continued to fascinate every naturalist who encountered them. In 1826, French explorer 'Aliced Dessalines d'Origny' described in his 'voyage dans l'Amerique Meridionale,' encounters in Uruguay with 'perro ovejero,' the sheep-guarding dog. Suckled on ewe's milk, this dog tended his flock, leaving it only to get food at night or to hunt jaguar and partridge with his human master.Voyaging on the 'Beagle' in 1831, collecting material for what would become his theory of evolution, Darwin watched the cross-bred sheepdogs of Argentina perform like those d'Orbigny, whose work he knew, had observed in Uruguay. A dog lover, Darwin considered the behavior of 'perro ovejero' in protecting their charges from predators, and even other dogs, additional confirmation of their intelligence and consciousness. Following northern European and English customs, most farmers in the United States had more active herding and hunting dogs, but people who observed Spanish style guarding dogs guarding sheep in the American Southwest generally shared Darwin's view."
A DOG'S HISTORY IN AMERICA, Mark Derr

We explain that dogs used to guard lg herds of cattle, and other livestock tend to produce two types in a litter, known as header and heeler. The header leads the herd, the heeler drives the herd. After a founding member of SEFCA of Spain read this, he said, "Choose the pup for guarding and one will have the best for working cattle."SEFCA breeds Alanos of Spain still working cattle, including gathering wild cattle from the countryside in catch work. After catching, the Alano must walk calmly along side of the cattle without biting. This is known as the off-switch which must be to work livestock, but as well, it keeps the dog from attacking not only livestock but people until a real threat arises. If one can understand, this is the complete difference in selection of type (of OSWs and other AB types) of which the Carr family as well as others in the South have always selected for.

Mastiff Proper

Herodotos tells us of the tale of the Mastiffs the King of Albania gives the Cyrus, leader of the Persian Army in 550B.C. Cryus matched the first Mastiff to a Persian dog and then a bull, but the Mastiff was meek, so Cyrus had it killed. The king of Albania was angry, but sent one more with a message that Mastiffs were no ordinary cur, that it should be matched to a worthy opponent such as a tiger or an elephant. Cyrus matched the Mastiff to an elephant and she nearly killed it. This may be a tall tale, but it gives clear indication of the nature of Mastiffs.
When the game bred APBT turns head from a cur, refusing to fight it, or even from one's livestock, there is no question it will fight an attacking preditor. Ofcourse, this type of work is best suited by those Mastiffs used for this funtion, such as the Alanos of Spain found working cattle in the countryside, as well as old type Bulldogs still found on farms in the South of USA.
"Do you have cows?' he asked me. When I said, no,' he asked why I would want to breed these dogs. This is a common view," Mike says. "In Italy, this breed is thought of as a utility dog. Most farmers consider them as purley working dogs and can't imagine why else anyone would own them."
Michael Sottile
Montgomery Alabama
the Cane Corso

Canine genetics

" 'Modern dog breeds have been developed entirely by sportsmen and fanciers who have carefully selected and bred the various strange mutations spontaneously occuring in the stocks. Many of the stocks were probably of hybrid origin. After the breeds have once been established, they are perpetuated and perfected by careful selection.' Charles Stockard Those mutations were for giants, or acromegalic dogs: midgets, or ateliotic dwarfs; and true dwarfs, or achondroplastic animals; not to mention those that were brachycephalic, with the distinctive punched in nose that Stockard showed was the result of separate mutations for the upper and lower jaw. Unfortunatley, as people bred for extravagent looks, they selected against working ability, for reasons still not fully understood, although scientists analyzing inheritance believe that in many cases the genes for physical oddity might be closely related, if only spatially on a chromosome, to those controlling some types of behavior. Thus, focusing soley on peculiar charcteristics would have the unitended consequence of limiting or even eliminating desired bahavioural traits." Mark Derr

Form follows function. When a breed loses it's function, the breed itself is lost.

The Alaunts

In medieval Europe, the alaunt was classified into three distinct types; The alaunt gentil, a light greyhound type; the alaunt de bucherie, the traditional alaunt type used with livestock; and the alaunt vautre (veantre), an aggressive hunting type. "So, the original war dog was turned into the essential brave hunting dog." Dr. Dieter Fleig The alaunt de bucherie was the progenitor of the mastiff and bull breeds, though they modern mastiffs and bull breeds no longer resemble the alaunt. 'The former, alaunt vautre, were par force hounds, used in the chase...In France, the word 'vuatre' was eventually used exclusively for boarhounds. Cotgrave defines the 'vaultre' as a 'mogrell betweene a hound and a mastiffe...fit for the chase or hunting or wild Bears and Boares.' " Col. David Hancock meat Ironically, modern bull breeds such as the American Bulldog are today no longer being bred true to the form or function of their predecessors; the alaunt of the butchers that worked and protected livestock. They are now being bred as 'hog-dogs' for the hunt, taking on the role and overall character of the alaunt veantre. The tragic consequence to this is the ultimate loss of form and function of the alaunt de bucherie, the modern bull-breed's predecessor. The modern 'bull' breed bred and used for hog hunting is no longer really even a bulldog; a name given to describe it's use. Rather they are hog dogs or boar hounds, ( alaunt vautre), and should be classified as such. 'It is extremely unwise to group types of dog together merely because of a breed title bestowed by a kennel club without any real research and without a legitimate reason.' Col. David Hancock

http://bttbab.com/The%20Alaunt.htm

La Monteria Infernal - The Infernal Chase continued

The lebrels were the crossbred alaunt ventures used for hunting and running down Indians and eventually slaves, the mastin or alano was used for guarding and defending settlements and livestock, especially cattle.

"For the purpose of hunting, the Spaniards introduced pureblood greyhounds, beagles, retrievers, setters, pointers, spaniels, and whippets. The mastiff...was the last dog to be introduced...and he claims it was used primarily as a watchdog...Mastiffs, Garcilaso explains, were greatly esteemed by owners of domestic cattle...these men, as a matter of pride, wished their herds to resemble those of their homeland." (Spain) Varner Dogs of the Conquest

The hunting dogs mentioned above are all of the 'Ventre/lebrel" type and NOT of the alaunt or mastiff (mastin). These ventre or lebrel type would be crossbred into more sagacious and vicious hunting dogs. The breeding of a calm, fearless, powerful protector of livestock and children required and still does require much more careful breeding and selection, thus the purity of this type.

"...the most significant were the lebrel, mastin, alano, and sabueso and crosses involving them that ultimately became known as the Cuban Bloodhound, a fearsome, long-legged dog with size, endurance, strength, and a mastiff's crushing jaws, used to track down and kill slaves."A Dogs History in America The Cuban Bloodhound is a classic example of the Ventre, a crossbred dog of varying types to combine the attributes of those varying types produce a more effective chase dog (perro de presa), whether for hunting game, Indians or slaves. http://bttbab.com/cuban_bloodhound.htm

"Davey Crockett was a market and subsistence hunter, and his dogs common curs-""In 1834...Chapman...asked him(Crockett) to pose with Chapman's own pedigreed spaniels. Refusing the spaniels, Crockett pulled 3 curs off the streets of Washington, saying they more closely resembled his own bear dogs." A Dogs History in America

"It is extremely unwise to group types of dog together merely because of a breed title bestowed by a kennel club without any real research and without a legitimate reason. THE MASTIFFS THE BIG GAME HUNTERS, David Hancock

"Spain, in the Middle Ages, produced the best alauntes...The perro de presa (literally seizing dog) and perro de ayuda (literally aid or protection dog) were used ruthlessly by the advancing colonists, with perhaps around half a million natives being killed by such dogs." THE MASTIFFS....Hancock

"In the 16th and 17th centuries they were used as cattle dogs, guard dogs and by butchers. The Canaries became an important staging post for ships en route for the Americas, with Alanos and hunting dogs from Spain on board and taken ashore." THE MASTIFFS...Hancock

"So, the original war dog was turned into the essential, brave Hunting Dog.In Germanic law from the fifth and seventh centuries A.D., these Hunting Dogs were recorded in writing for the first time. The law even distinguished between Bear Catchers, Boar Dogs, and Bull Biters." FIGHTING DOG BREEDS, Dr Dieter Fleig

"This need was met by the Alano/Perro de Pressa dogs taken to Argentina by settlers. Later, the Perro de Pelea Cordobes, or Cordoba Fighting Dog, mainly white and renowned for its ferocity became a component in the local 'boar-lurchers." THE MASTIFFS...Hancock

Interesting, this need was met recently in American history with the Scott type AB, Old Southern Catch Dog, Old Southern White, Old Southern Bulldog, Old Time Southern Bulldog, and various other blends - all of which used a base of the original farm type cattle/guardian dog. These modern 'boar-lurchers' are very impressive in their function as "Holding Dogs," but they are not battle dogs, combat dogs, fighting dogs, nor cattle/guardian dogs. They are not what we call Bulldogs.

La Monteria Infernal - The Infernal Chase

"The forebears of these dogs, and their handlers, had learned the aet of 'la monteria infernal' the infernal chase, in the Canary Islands in 1480, when they literally ran to ground, maimed, killed, and devoured the natives. But the fell beasts were even better known for feasting on children abandoned at the doors of churches and mosques by their desperate parents during Ferdinand and Isabella's successful campaign to seize Granada from the Moors. That victory came just months before Columbus's first voyage; a few of these dogs or their offspring were doubtless on his second trip.
Spain at that time was fixated on the concept of blood purity, limpieza de sangre, which its soldiers and priests applied to humans as well as animals... The same concept was applied to breeding livestock, horses, and dogs - labrel, a fast chase dog sometimes associated with a greyhound; mastin, or mastiff; sabueso, a bloodhound; and alano or wolfhound, a rough combination of the two types - with different monasteries and nobles maintaining their own lines. These divisions were based on size, coat coloration, and use: by tradition, light-colored mastiffs were used to guard flocks, in the belief that they would not scare the sheep, and dark-colored ones to guard homes and to fight, because they terrorized people. They were not 'breeds,' as they are known today, divided by registries and close adherence to standards.
"A Dog's History in America, Mark Derr
The dogs of pursuit, Pero de Presa, were of the Alaunt Ventures type of crossbred dogs used for the "Kill" of big game, while the light-colored mastiffs used guarding livestock were of the Pero de Ayuda, Alaunt Butcher's type used by herdsmen of cattle, ect. This is what sets the White English apart, used by farmers to defend livesock and especially children, as defense aka guard dogs, they are void of the chase. Void of aggression. Void of fear.
"Every geneticist knows that the hereditary traits for fearfulness and extreme aggression lie closely bound together."The Technique of Breeding Better Dogs, Dr Dieter Fleig

War dogs and holding dogs continued

During WW I, a British Army Major, Edwin Richardson was chosen by the English to recruit and train the dogs they would put to work as dogs of war. Used in many tasks, these war dogs were curiers, ambulance dogs, sentinels, aid dogs, private watch and guard dogs. 'Richardson...his preference was for farm dogs...while deliberately rejecting hounds, because they followed their noses to the exclusion of all else.' 'The German military refused to accept hunting dogs of any sort.' Mark DerrBite work, i.e. Schutzhand, 'a competition for dogs and trainers involving choreographed obedience, tracking, protection, and attack work,' has nothing to do with dogs of war. Up to now Ray has been saying if you want a dog to excel in bite work, then use the hunting type catch dogs, however, this has nothing to do with dogs of war, even in modern times; a fact known to the English and German military during WW I. In England during the middle ages, the yeoman farmer bred and raised mastiffs as dogs of war. It was compulsory for the yeoman farmers and villagers to keep mastiffs, while the royalty enjoyed the sport of hunting with large kennels of hunting dogs, i.e. sighthounds/staghounds/bloodhounds and catchdogs. These are the sporting dogs. "In fact, long ago, keeping of these mastiffs was compulsory for the peasant. During Algo-Saxon times, there had to be kept at least 1 mastiff for each two villagers. By this means, wolves and other savage game were kept under control. " The AKC Complete Dog BookThis is the vast difference of today's modern AB and the first American Pit Bulldogs like man meat the Bruiser, who guarded and defended cattle and family with no training... the innate abilities of a true working dog. These innate abilities are those of the CWE.

War dogs and holding dogs

"If the history of anything is to be studied, then look hard and read all sides of the story before drawing your own conclusions." The Story of the Real BulldogLet us proceed..."When Roman invaders came into Britain, they were met by a people who owned and bred the fiercest dogs in the known world. The invaders, for whom Britain was the last place on the known earth to fall, were already well acquainted with war dogs and fighting dogs...The Roman writer, Gratius Falliscus, states that there were two types of British Pugnaces...It is also known that the early Britons took fierce and formidable dogs into battle with them and that the Gauls purchased 'bulldogs' from them to use along with their native breeds as war dogs." The Story of the Real BulldogThe word 'bulldog' was not used until medieval times, long after the Romans, who simply referred to them as 'pugnaces'. What's interesting and important is that this author refers to these pugnaces as bulldogs, a widley accepted practice by fanciers. What they seem to miss is the meaning of the word 'pugnace'. The word 'pugnaces' was the Roman word for fighting dog. Pugnace being a Latin term for fight. Today we have the words pugnacious, pugilist, and even repugnant, all deriving from the Latin term pugnace. The Chinese breed 'Pug' called as such by the English as it was at one time a very capable and effective fighting dog, quite dissimilar to it's modern form, as it was a larger, leggier dog that was bantamized by the Chinese, ironically much like what was done to the English Bulldog. As quoted above, the Romans recognized them as fighting dogs and used them as fighting dogs, both in battle as well as the arenas. Other people of Gaul, (western Europe) used them in battle as well. These were in fact fighting dogs, the predecessors to England's Mastiffs and Bulldogs. However, we cannot assume that England is THE source for all mastiffs and bulldogs...quite the contrary. "If any source is to be quoted as the origins of mastiffs, it should be the area of the Fertile Cresent of 7000BC, when the first domestication of cattle, sheep, and goats replaced hunter/gathers in the advancement of civilization. As well, the Alans did border the Germantic tribes even in battle, thus the early Celtic type Pugnances of Britian were chosen to fight the Mollosis in the Roman Apitheaters where they proved far superior." Ray LaneNowhere has it been found that the Romans called or considered these dogs as catch / holding dogs. The fighting / war dogs fought to the death in battle, unlike the holding or catch dogs, which bite and hold. Throughout history and locale, their has been clear distinction between the fighting dogs and holding dogs, and which derive from the fighting dogs. The Alaunt aka fighting dogs and the Alaunt veanture aka hunting dog. 'So, the brave original war dog was turned into the essential, brave hunting dog.' Fighting Dog Breeds Dr. Dieter Fleig'These dogs were used principally to guard the herds, but they were also superbly suited as war dogs. Aparently in peacetime, the white dogs stayed with the herds." The APBT, a somewhat modern fighting dog, was greatly advanced through heavy inbreeding and hard culling to produce a fighting dog that not only would not bite a man but was not bred as a kill dog, rather for it's willingness to continue in battle, i.e. it's gameness. A kill dog would quickly eliminate it's opponent, quite contrary to it's breeding / gameness.It is from the fighting / war dog stock of the steppe nomads that mastiff and bull breeds arose.

An expanded version of this article is soon to be published on our site under 'White Englsih Mastiffs'. We'll post a link when it's published.

Welcome to the WEBPS blog where we will be posting the findings of our ongoing research concerning the history of the WEB. Also, information on the histories of many other breeds.